Adam B Jackson, PharmD
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Infectious Diseases, Department of Pharmacy, Kaiser Permanente Colorado Region; Adjoint Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
Tammy L Humphries, PharmD
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Department of Pharmacy, Kaiser Permanente Colorado Region; Adjoint Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado
Kent M Nelson, PharmD
Clinical Pharmacy Services Director, Department of Pharmacy, Kaiser Permanente Colorado Region; Adjoint Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado
Dennis K Helling, PharmD
Executive Director, Pharmacy Operations and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacy, Kaiser Permanente Colorado Region; Adjoint Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado
Reprints: Adam B Jackson PharmD, Kaiser Permanente Colorado Region, Franklin Building—4th Floor, Infectious Diseases, 2045 Franklin St., Denver, CO 80205-5494, fax 303/831-3756, adam.jackson@kp.org
'//-->
Travel to remote destinations has increased dramatically in recent years. The Clinical Pharmacy International Travel Clinic (CPITC) was established in 1991 in the Kaiser Permanente Colorado Region to provide pre-travel advice to members to decrease their risk of travel-related diseases. The CPITC is unique from other travel medicine clinics because it is a pharmacist-run telepharmacy service. The team includes an infectious diseases physician, an infectious diseases clinical pharmacy specialist, 4 clinical pharmacists, and a pharmacy technician. The clinical pharmacists provide consultations via telephone. Both patient- and trip-related information are gathered to assess the traveler's health risks. Recommendations are provided regarding food- and water-borne diseases, insect-borne diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, and diseases related to animal bites. Additionally, detailed information is provided on vaccines that may be needed to protect travelers against various diseases. The travel consult is documented electronically. A copy of the consult, along with a booklet that provides travel information, is mailed to the patient. Success of the CPITC is demonstrated in several ways. The clinic initially served Kaiser Permanente members in the Colorado Region. The service has expanded and now also provides travel consults to Kaiser Permanente members in the Northwest and Ohio Regions. Patient satisfaction is high, and significant cost-savings have been realized secondary to avoiding the use of unnecessary vaccinations and medications. The CPITC allows resources to be leveraged and provides one center where individuals trained in travel medicine provide information to members, thus improving efficiency and decreasing cost.
Key Words: clinical pharmacy, international travel medicine
Published Online, October 26, 2004. www.theannals.com, DOI 10.1345/aph.1E193
Related articles in The Annals:
Pharmacist-Run Travel Medicine Clinic
Cynthia BrennanThe Annals 2004 38: 2168-2169. [Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
C. BrennanPharmacist-Run Travel Medicine ClinicAnn. Pharmacother., December 1, 2004; 38(12): 2168 - 2169. [Full Text] [PDF]
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2008年7月26日星期六
Canada Communicable Disease Report Vol. 25 (ACS-6) 1 December 1999
An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS) Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT)*+
GUIDELINES FOR THE PRACTICE OF TRAVEL MEDICINE
Adobe Downloadable Document (341 KB)
Preamble
The Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT) provides Health Canada with ongoing and timely medical, scientific, and public-health advice relating to tropical infectious disease and health risks associated with international travel. Health Canada acknowledges that the advice and recommendations set out in this statement are based upon the best current available scientific knowledge and medical practices, and is disseminating this document for information purposes to both travellers and the medical community caring for travellers.
Persons administering or using drugs, vaccines, or other products should also be aware of the contents of the product monograph(s) or other similarly approved standards or instructions for use. Recommendations for use and other information set out herein may differ from that set out in the product monograph(s) or other similarly approved standards or instructions for use by the licensed manufacturer(s). Manufacturers have sought approval and provided evidence as to the safety and efficacy of their products only when used in accordance with the product monographs or other similarly approved standards or instructions for use.
Introduction
As more Canadians travel to exotic, tropical, or remote destinations, there is an increased need for travel medicine services. The practice of travel medicine has become more complex due to the dynamic nature of changes in global health risks, increases in population mobility, and various host factors important in the determination of health. Some examples of these are: a marked increase in the global distribution and incidence of drug resistant malaria; emergence and re-emergence of tuberculosis; more travellers with concurrent diseases (e.g. diabetes, HIV, cancer, cardiovascular, or pulmonary disease), pregnancy, or at the extremes of age; and the rapid expansion in new vaccines targeted to travellers. It is estimated that out of 1,000,000 Canadians who travel to tropical destinations annually, <> 1,000 cases of malaria were reported in Canada, compared to 430 cases in 1994.
Concerns about the quality of advice provided to Canadian travellers have been presented(2-9). Anecdotal reports and several studies suggest that many Canadians are receiving pre-travel advice from health-care practitioners who are ill equipped to provide up-to-date advice; in fact, incorrect advice provided to some Canadian travellers has led to severe consequences, including death(7-9).
The Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT) is an advisory committee to the Assistant Deputy Minister, Health Protection Branch, Health Canada. As one of its activities, CATMAT develops recommendations related to the standards and quality of the travel medicine advice provided to travellers in Canada. When possible, these recommendations are evidence based(10). By describing the strength of each recommendation and providing the quality of evidence on which the recommendation is made, health-care professionals can be in a better position to apply the recommendations to the individual Canadian traveller. Currently, no general travel medicine practice guidelines are available. Therefore, CATMAT has developed these guidelines on the qualifications, knowledge, skills, and attributes of a travel medicine practitioner - as well as the facilities, equipment, and resources required for the practice of travel medicine. While these guidelines are not evidence based, they are designed to assist the health-care practitioner deliver quality travel medical care and thereby help protect the health of Canadian travellers.
Definition of travel medicine
Travel medicine is the field of medicine concerned with the promotion of health and the prevention of disease or other adverse health outcomes in the international traveller.
The practice of travel medicine is distinct from the practice of tropical medicine. Travel medicine focuses on health promotion as a means to maintain the health and well-being of travellers; tropical medicine focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of illness associated with travel. For example, travel medicine may include advice on how to prevent malaria and other vector-borne diseases, travellers' diarrhea, sexually transmitted diseases, injuries, and accidents, as well as information on acclimatization and adaptation to hostile environments.
Attributes and qualifications of a travel medicine practitioner
Individuals who practice travel medicine should be licensed health-care practitioners (e.g. a registered nurse and a physician working collaboratively) with a background in family practice, internal medicine, pediatrics, public health, or infectious diseases. They should utilize currently available guidelines in their practice of travel health promotion and follow provincial and territorial regulations.
It is recognized that practitioners of travel medicine may not have expertise in tropical medicine; however, they should be able to recognize urgent as well as non-urgent post-travel medical problems and have an established mechanism of timely referral to experts who can manage such problems.
Knowledge
The knowledge base required to practice travel medicine is complex. It includes a basic knowledge and understanding of the following:
geography
global distribution, epidemiology, mode of transmission, prevention and, if appropriate, self-treatment of travel-associated infectious diseases, such as
waterborne diseases (e.g. schistosomiasis and leptospirosis)
enterically transmitted diseases (e.g. travellers' diarrhea, giardiasis, and amoebiasis)
vector-borne diseases (e.g. malaria, Japanese encephalitis, dengue)
sexually transmitted diseases (including HIV)
vaccine-preventable diseases (e.g. polio, measles, hepatitis A and B)
zoonoses (e.g. rabies)
immunology and the immune system
indications, contraindications, pharmacology, drug interactions, and adverse events of available travel-related drugs and vaccines
prevention and management of non-infectious disease risks for travellers, including
effect of travel on intercurrent medical conditions (e.g. diabetes mellitus, cardiopulmonary disease)
travel-associated illnesses (e.g. motion sickness, jet lag, barotrauma)
environmental illness (e.g. sun, heat, cold, pollution, altitude)
threats to personal security
modes of transportation and their dangers (e.g. motorcycles, private vehicles, public transport)
trauma (e.g. injuries, accidents)
psycho-social issues of long-term travel (e.g. culture shock, adaptation)
availability of appropriate information resources (see maintenance of competence)
Skills
All pre-travel consultations should include the following:
a basic health assessment, including
evaluation of any underlying health problems
individual risk assessment to determine the traveller's health risks based on
travel itinerary
location of travel within the country(ies) (rural or urban)
style of travel (e.g. first class, adventure)
anticipated travel activities (e.g. animal contact, fresh water exposure, sexual contact)
duration of travel (short- or long-term)
underlying health (e.g. pregnancy, chronic illness, immunodeficiency)
age (child or elderly)
current immunization status
status of infectious diseases and other health risks at destinations during the proposed time of travel
risk-reduction strategies, including recommended vaccines and behavior modification to maintain health
strategies for the management of illness while travelling
All post-travel consultations should be managed by a physician and should include the following:
recognition of any travel-related illness
timely medical assessment, with referral if required, for the management of travel-related illnesses
All travel medicine practitioners should use effective communication to facilitate the retention of and compliance with the information provided. This may be accomplished by ensuring that the information provided is sensitive to any language, educational, or cultural barriers, and corrects any misconceptions. Multiple tools can be used to reinforce the information provided (e.g. brochures, flyers) and questions should be asked to verify that the traveller fully understands the advice provided(11).
Practice issues
Consultation
Assessing all relevant issues (nature of planned travel, personal travel characteristics, and personal health relevant to travel) in a travel medicine consultation will usually require 15 to 30 minutes. Additional time may be required (30 to 60 minutes) depending on the complexity of the geographic exposures, and the traveller's risk-taking behaviors and inter-current health characteristics.
Clinic facilities
Equipment
refrigerator and freezer which comply with standards for storage of immunization products (e.g. temperature monitor, alarm)(12)
telecommunications facilities (e.g. telephone, facsimile, and/or Internet accesses)
Supplies and disposables
those required to provide vaccination, including appropriate disposal equipment
resuscitation equipment standard for an office or clinic (e.g. adrenaline, antihistamines)(13)
Documentation
maintenance of a patient medical record standard for an office or clinic
completion of the individual patient's vaccination record or booklet
Consent
informed, voluntary consent for vaccination, testing and treatment
Office facilities
waiting room/reception area and clinic rooms for immunization
room suitable for teaching/counseling clients
resources for laboratory testing (internal or external)
Office policies
infection control practices for universal precautions and the disposal of sharps and other hazardous materials
proper handling, delivery and storage for vaccines and drugs
immunizations administered as per current National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) guidelines
post-immunization observation period
client confidentiality
criteria for telephone advice
management of emergencies (e.g. allergic reactions)
research
Products
ready access to vaccines and biologics including the procedures for obtaining non-licensed vaccines
written material (e.g. flyers, pamphlets) concerning preventive measures such as bed nets, insect repellents, water treatment (sale of products not required)
educational materials including information for travellers with special needs (e.g. pregnant or diabetic travellers)
information on resources for health-care coverage for the traveller (e.g. International Association for Medical Assistance Travellers, travel health insurance)
Maintenance of competence
To maintain clinical expertise, it would be optimal to carry out a minimum of five to 10 travel medicine consultations per week. In order to be effective, the health-care practitioner must be willing to keep up with new developments in the field and remain current with the most up-to-date travel medicine resource references, including the following:
CATMAT and NACI guidelines and updates
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or World Health Organization guidelines and updates
Canadian Immunization Guide or Protocole d'immunisation du Québec
geographic reference (atlas)
public-health publications (e.g. Canada Communicable Disease Report, Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report)
access to outbreak information (e.g. Health Canada's Web page <www.hc-sc.gc.ca>, PROMED <majordomo@usa.healthnet.org>)
Continuing education related to travel medicine is essential for all travel medicine health-care practitioners. Examples include regular attendance at related conferences and seminars (e.g. public-health, immunization, travel medicine, and infectious diseases conferences) as well as membership in at least one related organization (e.g. International Society for Travel Medicine, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Canadian Public Health Association, or Canadian Infectious Diseases Society).
Conclusion
CATMAT presents these guidelines to serve as a stimulus for discussion and a blueprint for the practice of travel medicine. Ultimately, they may be used as a set of standards for the provision of travel health advice, thereby ensuring that Canadians receive appropriate and up-to-date information prior to international travel.
CATMAT firmly believes that travel medicine requires more than a "cookbook" approach. Up-to-date knowledge about the global epidemiology of infectious and non-infectious health risks is essential. Health-care practitioners must carry out a detailed individual risk assessment which includes nature of exposure, risk-taking behaviours, and personal health characteristics to be able to advise the most appropriate intervention(s) to promote health and prevent disease or other adverse health outcomes related to travel itinerary. These interventions may include a change in planned travel, behaviour modification, immunizations, chemosuppressive drugs (e.g. antimalarials), and other recommendations which are important to maintain the health of the international traveller.
With the continuously changing distribution of drug-resistant infections, epidemics of disease and advances in our therapeutic repertoire, travel medicine has become a complex specialty. Those who choose to enter this exciting field are cautioned to take the responsibility seriously. Since travel medicine is primarily a form of preventive health care, the client's health and safety depend to a large extent on the health-care practitioner's level of expertise, communication skills, and enthusiasm for the subject.
References
Gushulak B, Bodie-Collins M, Litt M et al. Canadian travel medicine providers' survey. In: Programs and abstracts of the Fifth International Conference on Travel Medicine, 24-27 March 1997, Geneva, Switzerland. Abstract 23.
MacPherson DW, Stephenson BJ, Keystone JS et al. Travel health information by public health departments. In: Programs and abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on Travel Medicine, 23-27 April 1995, Acapulco, Mexico. Abstract 23.
Beallor C, Gamble K, Keystone J. Travel health recommendations provided by family physicians -are they adequate? In: Programs and abstracts of the Fifth International Conference on Travel Medicine, 24-27 March 1997, Geneva, Switzerland. Abstract 255.
Bodie-Collins M, Paulson E, St John R. How current is your travel health information? Can Fam Physician 1998;44:346-49.
Kain KC, Harrington MA, Tennyson S et al. Imported malaria: prospective analysis of problems in diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:142-49.
dos Santos CC, Anvar A, Keystone JS et al. Pre-travel advice and chemoprophylaxis use among Canadians visiting the Indian subcontinent. CMAJ. In press.
Wittes RC, Constantinidis P, MacLean JD et al. Recent Canadian deaths from malaria acquired in Africa. CDWR 1989;15:199-204.
Sharma S, Kain K, Zoutman D. Fatal falciparum malaria in Canadian travellers. CCDR 1996;22:165-68.
Quach C, Kain K, MacPherson D et al. Malaria deaths in Canadian travellers. CCDR 1999;25:50-53.
Macpherson DW. Evidence-based medicine. CCDR 1994;20:145-47.
Nobel L. Communicating risks to the traveller. Travel Medicine International 1997;15:111-15.
LCDC. National guidelines for vaccine storage and transportation. CCDR 1995;21:93-97.
National Advisory Committee on Immunization. Anaphylaxis: initial management in non-hospital settings. In: Canadian immunization guide. 5th ed.Ottawa, Ont.: Health Canada, 1998:9-13. (Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, Cat. No. H49-8/1998E.)
* Members: Dr. B. Ward (Chairman); Dr. K. Kain (Past Chairman); H. Birk; M. Bodie-Collins (Executive Secretary); Dr. S.E. Boraston; Dr. H.O. Davies; Dr. K. Gamble; Dr. L. Green; Dr. J.S. Keystone; Dr. K.S. MacDonald; Dr. J.R. Salzman; Dr. D. Tessier.
Liaison Representatives: Dr. R. Birnbaum (CSIH); Dr. V. Marchessault (CPS and NACI); Dr. H. Onyette (CIDS); Dr. R. Saginur (CPHA); Dr. F. Stratton (ACE).
Ex-Officio Members: Dr. E. Callary (HC); Dr. M. Cetron (CDC); R. Dewart (CDC); Dr. E. Gadd (HC); Dr. H. Lobel (CDC); Dr. A.E. McCarthy (DND); Dr. M. Parise (CDC).
Member Emeritus: Dr. C.W.L. Jeanes.
Guidelines on Travel Health Committee: Dr. J. Keystone (Chairman); H. Birk; Dr. V. Marchessault; Dr. A.E. McCarthy; Dr. H. Onyett; Dr. D. Tessier. CATMAT acknowledges the contribution of Dr. D. MacPherson to these guidelines.
+ This statement was prepared by Dr. A.E. McCarthy and approved by CATMAT.
Our mission is to help the people of Canada maintain and improve their health.
Health Canada
GUIDELINES FOR THE PRACTICE OF TRAVEL MEDICINE
Adobe Downloadable Document (341 KB)
Preamble
The Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT) provides Health Canada with ongoing and timely medical, scientific, and public-health advice relating to tropical infectious disease and health risks associated with international travel. Health Canada acknowledges that the advice and recommendations set out in this statement are based upon the best current available scientific knowledge and medical practices, and is disseminating this document for information purposes to both travellers and the medical community caring for travellers.
Persons administering or using drugs, vaccines, or other products should also be aware of the contents of the product monograph(s) or other similarly approved standards or instructions for use. Recommendations for use and other information set out herein may differ from that set out in the product monograph(s) or other similarly approved standards or instructions for use by the licensed manufacturer(s). Manufacturers have sought approval and provided evidence as to the safety and efficacy of their products only when used in accordance with the product monographs or other similarly approved standards or instructions for use.
Introduction
As more Canadians travel to exotic, tropical, or remote destinations, there is an increased need for travel medicine services. The practice of travel medicine has become more complex due to the dynamic nature of changes in global health risks, increases in population mobility, and various host factors important in the determination of health. Some examples of these are: a marked increase in the global distribution and incidence of drug resistant malaria; emergence and re-emergence of tuberculosis; more travellers with concurrent diseases (e.g. diabetes, HIV, cancer, cardiovascular, or pulmonary disease), pregnancy, or at the extremes of age; and the rapid expansion in new vaccines targeted to travellers. It is estimated that out of 1,000,000 Canadians who travel to tropical destinations annually, <> 1,000 cases of malaria were reported in Canada, compared to 430 cases in 1994.
Concerns about the quality of advice provided to Canadian travellers have been presented(2-9). Anecdotal reports and several studies suggest that many Canadians are receiving pre-travel advice from health-care practitioners who are ill equipped to provide up-to-date advice; in fact, incorrect advice provided to some Canadian travellers has led to severe consequences, including death(7-9).
The Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT) is an advisory committee to the Assistant Deputy Minister, Health Protection Branch, Health Canada. As one of its activities, CATMAT develops recommendations related to the standards and quality of the travel medicine advice provided to travellers in Canada. When possible, these recommendations are evidence based(10). By describing the strength of each recommendation and providing the quality of evidence on which the recommendation is made, health-care professionals can be in a better position to apply the recommendations to the individual Canadian traveller. Currently, no general travel medicine practice guidelines are available. Therefore, CATMAT has developed these guidelines on the qualifications, knowledge, skills, and attributes of a travel medicine practitioner - as well as the facilities, equipment, and resources required for the practice of travel medicine. While these guidelines are not evidence based, they are designed to assist the health-care practitioner deliver quality travel medical care and thereby help protect the health of Canadian travellers.
Definition of travel medicine
Travel medicine is the field of medicine concerned with the promotion of health and the prevention of disease or other adverse health outcomes in the international traveller.
The practice of travel medicine is distinct from the practice of tropical medicine. Travel medicine focuses on health promotion as a means to maintain the health and well-being of travellers; tropical medicine focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of illness associated with travel. For example, travel medicine may include advice on how to prevent malaria and other vector-borne diseases, travellers' diarrhea, sexually transmitted diseases, injuries, and accidents, as well as information on acclimatization and adaptation to hostile environments.
Attributes and qualifications of a travel medicine practitioner
Individuals who practice travel medicine should be licensed health-care practitioners (e.g. a registered nurse and a physician working collaboratively) with a background in family practice, internal medicine, pediatrics, public health, or infectious diseases. They should utilize currently available guidelines in their practice of travel health promotion and follow provincial and territorial regulations.
It is recognized that practitioners of travel medicine may not have expertise in tropical medicine; however, they should be able to recognize urgent as well as non-urgent post-travel medical problems and have an established mechanism of timely referral to experts who can manage such problems.
Knowledge
The knowledge base required to practice travel medicine is complex. It includes a basic knowledge and understanding of the following:
geography
global distribution, epidemiology, mode of transmission, prevention and, if appropriate, self-treatment of travel-associated infectious diseases, such as
waterborne diseases (e.g. schistosomiasis and leptospirosis)
enterically transmitted diseases (e.g. travellers' diarrhea, giardiasis, and amoebiasis)
vector-borne diseases (e.g. malaria, Japanese encephalitis, dengue)
sexually transmitted diseases (including HIV)
vaccine-preventable diseases (e.g. polio, measles, hepatitis A and B)
zoonoses (e.g. rabies)
immunology and the immune system
indications, contraindications, pharmacology, drug interactions, and adverse events of available travel-related drugs and vaccines
prevention and management of non-infectious disease risks for travellers, including
effect of travel on intercurrent medical conditions (e.g. diabetes mellitus, cardiopulmonary disease)
travel-associated illnesses (e.g. motion sickness, jet lag, barotrauma)
environmental illness (e.g. sun, heat, cold, pollution, altitude)
threats to personal security
modes of transportation and their dangers (e.g. motorcycles, private vehicles, public transport)
trauma (e.g. injuries, accidents)
psycho-social issues of long-term travel (e.g. culture shock, adaptation)
availability of appropriate information resources (see maintenance of competence)
Skills
All pre-travel consultations should include the following:
a basic health assessment, including
evaluation of any underlying health problems
individual risk assessment to determine the traveller's health risks based on
travel itinerary
location of travel within the country(ies) (rural or urban)
style of travel (e.g. first class, adventure)
anticipated travel activities (e.g. animal contact, fresh water exposure, sexual contact)
duration of travel (short- or long-term)
underlying health (e.g. pregnancy, chronic illness, immunodeficiency)
age (child or elderly)
current immunization status
status of infectious diseases and other health risks at destinations during the proposed time of travel
risk-reduction strategies, including recommended vaccines and behavior modification to maintain health
strategies for the management of illness while travelling
All post-travel consultations should be managed by a physician and should include the following:
recognition of any travel-related illness
timely medical assessment, with referral if required, for the management of travel-related illnesses
All travel medicine practitioners should use effective communication to facilitate the retention of and compliance with the information provided. This may be accomplished by ensuring that the information provided is sensitive to any language, educational, or cultural barriers, and corrects any misconceptions. Multiple tools can be used to reinforce the information provided (e.g. brochures, flyers) and questions should be asked to verify that the traveller fully understands the advice provided(11).
Practice issues
Consultation
Assessing all relevant issues (nature of planned travel, personal travel characteristics, and personal health relevant to travel) in a travel medicine consultation will usually require 15 to 30 minutes. Additional time may be required (30 to 60 minutes) depending on the complexity of the geographic exposures, and the traveller's risk-taking behaviors and inter-current health characteristics.
Clinic facilities
Equipment
refrigerator and freezer which comply with standards for storage of immunization products (e.g. temperature monitor, alarm)(12)
telecommunications facilities (e.g. telephone, facsimile, and/or Internet accesses)
Supplies and disposables
those required to provide vaccination, including appropriate disposal equipment
resuscitation equipment standard for an office or clinic (e.g. adrenaline, antihistamines)(13)
Documentation
maintenance of a patient medical record standard for an office or clinic
completion of the individual patient's vaccination record or booklet
Consent
informed, voluntary consent for vaccination, testing and treatment
Office facilities
waiting room/reception area and clinic rooms for immunization
room suitable for teaching/counseling clients
resources for laboratory testing (internal or external)
Office policies
infection control practices for universal precautions and the disposal of sharps and other hazardous materials
proper handling, delivery and storage for vaccines and drugs
immunizations administered as per current National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) guidelines
post-immunization observation period
client confidentiality
criteria for telephone advice
management of emergencies (e.g. allergic reactions)
research
Products
ready access to vaccines and biologics including the procedures for obtaining non-licensed vaccines
written material (e.g. flyers, pamphlets) concerning preventive measures such as bed nets, insect repellents, water treatment (sale of products not required)
educational materials including information for travellers with special needs (e.g. pregnant or diabetic travellers)
information on resources for health-care coverage for the traveller (e.g. International Association for Medical Assistance Travellers, travel health insurance)
Maintenance of competence
To maintain clinical expertise, it would be optimal to carry out a minimum of five to 10 travel medicine consultations per week. In order to be effective, the health-care practitioner must be willing to keep up with new developments in the field and remain current with the most up-to-date travel medicine resource references, including the following:
CATMAT and NACI guidelines and updates
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or World Health Organization guidelines and updates
Canadian Immunization Guide or Protocole d'immunisation du Québec
geographic reference (atlas)
public-health publications (e.g. Canada Communicable Disease Report, Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report)
access to outbreak information (e.g. Health Canada's Web page <www.hc-sc.gc.ca>, PROMED <majordomo@usa.healthnet.org>)
Continuing education related to travel medicine is essential for all travel medicine health-care practitioners. Examples include regular attendance at related conferences and seminars (e.g. public-health, immunization, travel medicine, and infectious diseases conferences) as well as membership in at least one related organization (e.g. International Society for Travel Medicine, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Canadian Public Health Association, or Canadian Infectious Diseases Society).
Conclusion
CATMAT presents these guidelines to serve as a stimulus for discussion and a blueprint for the practice of travel medicine. Ultimately, they may be used as a set of standards for the provision of travel health advice, thereby ensuring that Canadians receive appropriate and up-to-date information prior to international travel.
CATMAT firmly believes that travel medicine requires more than a "cookbook" approach. Up-to-date knowledge about the global epidemiology of infectious and non-infectious health risks is essential. Health-care practitioners must carry out a detailed individual risk assessment which includes nature of exposure, risk-taking behaviours, and personal health characteristics to be able to advise the most appropriate intervention(s) to promote health and prevent disease or other adverse health outcomes related to travel itinerary. These interventions may include a change in planned travel, behaviour modification, immunizations, chemosuppressive drugs (e.g. antimalarials), and other recommendations which are important to maintain the health of the international traveller.
With the continuously changing distribution of drug-resistant infections, epidemics of disease and advances in our therapeutic repertoire, travel medicine has become a complex specialty. Those who choose to enter this exciting field are cautioned to take the responsibility seriously. Since travel medicine is primarily a form of preventive health care, the client's health and safety depend to a large extent on the health-care practitioner's level of expertise, communication skills, and enthusiasm for the subject.
References
Gushulak B, Bodie-Collins M, Litt M et al. Canadian travel medicine providers' survey. In: Programs and abstracts of the Fifth International Conference on Travel Medicine, 24-27 March 1997, Geneva, Switzerland. Abstract 23.
MacPherson DW, Stephenson BJ, Keystone JS et al. Travel health information by public health departments. In: Programs and abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on Travel Medicine, 23-27 April 1995, Acapulco, Mexico. Abstract 23.
Beallor C, Gamble K, Keystone J. Travel health recommendations provided by family physicians -are they adequate? In: Programs and abstracts of the Fifth International Conference on Travel Medicine, 24-27 March 1997, Geneva, Switzerland. Abstract 255.
Bodie-Collins M, Paulson E, St John R. How current is your travel health information? Can Fam Physician 1998;44:346-49.
Kain KC, Harrington MA, Tennyson S et al. Imported malaria: prospective analysis of problems in diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:142-49.
dos Santos CC, Anvar A, Keystone JS et al. Pre-travel advice and chemoprophylaxis use among Canadians visiting the Indian subcontinent. CMAJ. In press.
Wittes RC, Constantinidis P, MacLean JD et al. Recent Canadian deaths from malaria acquired in Africa. CDWR 1989;15:199-204.
Sharma S, Kain K, Zoutman D. Fatal falciparum malaria in Canadian travellers. CCDR 1996;22:165-68.
Quach C, Kain K, MacPherson D et al. Malaria deaths in Canadian travellers. CCDR 1999;25:50-53.
Macpherson DW. Evidence-based medicine. CCDR 1994;20:145-47.
Nobel L. Communicating risks to the traveller. Travel Medicine International 1997;15:111-15.
LCDC. National guidelines for vaccine storage and transportation. CCDR 1995;21:93-97.
National Advisory Committee on Immunization. Anaphylaxis: initial management in non-hospital settings. In: Canadian immunization guide. 5th ed.Ottawa, Ont.: Health Canada, 1998:9-13. (Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, Cat. No. H49-8/1998E.)
* Members: Dr. B. Ward (Chairman); Dr. K. Kain (Past Chairman); H. Birk; M. Bodie-Collins (Executive Secretary); Dr. S.E. Boraston; Dr. H.O. Davies; Dr. K. Gamble; Dr. L. Green; Dr. J.S. Keystone; Dr. K.S. MacDonald; Dr. J.R. Salzman; Dr. D. Tessier.
Liaison Representatives: Dr. R. Birnbaum (CSIH); Dr. V. Marchessault (CPS and NACI); Dr. H. Onyette (CIDS); Dr. R. Saginur (CPHA); Dr. F. Stratton (ACE).
Ex-Officio Members: Dr. E. Callary (HC); Dr. M. Cetron (CDC); R. Dewart (CDC); Dr. E. Gadd (HC); Dr. H. Lobel (CDC); Dr. A.E. McCarthy (DND); Dr. M. Parise (CDC).
Member Emeritus: Dr. C.W.L. Jeanes.
Guidelines on Travel Health Committee: Dr. J. Keystone (Chairman); H. Birk; Dr. V. Marchessault; Dr. A.E. McCarthy; Dr. H. Onyett; Dr. D. Tessier. CATMAT acknowledges the contribution of Dr. D. MacPherson to these guidelines.
+ This statement was prepared by Dr. A.E. McCarthy and approved by CATMAT.
Our mission is to help the people of Canada maintain and improve their health.
Health Canada
Travel & Tourism in China
A to Z - Beijing Travel & Tourism information Center by Allo' Expat - A to Z - Beijing Travel & Tourism information Center by Allo' Expat - Allo' Expat provides the worldwide expat community with a complete set of info about Beijing. Whether you are planning a future trip to Beijing or even already established in our beautiful country, we hope that you will find through our information center all you require to better prepare your trip, discover the places to go, to stay, to see and the ways to reach them. A to Z - Shanghai Travel & Tourism information Center by Allo' Expat - A to Z - Shanghai Travel & Tourism information Center by Allo' Expat - Allo' Expat provides the worldwide expat community with a complete set of info about Shanghai. Whether you are planning a future trip to Shanghai or even already established in our beautiful country, we hope that you will find through our information center all you require to better prepare your trip, discover the places to go, to stay, to see and the ways to reach them. Allo' Expat Holidays, travel & tourism in China Forum : The Traveler resources center in China - Allo' Expat Holidays, travel & tourism in China Forum : The Traveler resources center in China - Allo' Expat Holidays, travel & tourism Forum in China is the place where you can share your travel experiences, tips and advices about China tourism destinations. Discuss in this forum about the best places to relax, visit and enjoy your holidays. ATT - ATT - Travel information including hotels, bars and transport, as well as a picture gallery. Best of China Tour - Best of China Tour - Cafe de Coral - Cafe de Coral- Local fast food restaurant chain. China Circulate International Travel Service - China Circulate International Travel Service - Booking hotels, reserving train and plane tickets and travel consultation. China Custom Tours - China Custom Tours - Travel arrangements, visas, airline tickets and hotel reservations. China Direct - China Direct - Tours and travel for independent travellers. Booking of flights and train tickets, offering unusual itineraries. China Global Travel Agent - China Global Travel Agent - Organise themed and custom tours. China Tour & Travel Adventures - China Tour & Travel Adventures - Tours and cruises in China. With destination guide. China Travel, Tour and Cruise Planner - China Travel, Tour and Cruise Planner - Providing information about China's tour themes of each year, special interest tours, festivals, tour maps and pictures, Yangtze River cruise, etc. China Travel and Tourism Information - China Travel and Tourism Information - China Virtual Tours - China Virtual Tours - China Youth Travel Service - China Youth Travel Service - CITS - CITS - Group and individual package tours, business travel services and hotel and ticket reservation. Ctrip gotochina - Ctrip gotochina - Gotochina.com is a customer (travelers) centered company providing a full range of comprehensive travel related information covering all corners of China. We have information regarding dining, lodging, transportation, traveling, shopping and entertainment. We also have a fast online reservation service and a strong online community. eWesTour.com - eWesTour.com - Profiles and tours of the country's main cities. Fare.com - Fare.com -Online booking for air tickets and hotels, with travel information. FoodEasy - FoodEasy-Searchable database of restaurants in Hong Kong GoChinaGo.com - GoChinaGo.com- Includes information on various attractions, news and general information. Grand Hotel Beijing - Grand Hotel Beijing- A grand hotel is not necessarily a big hotel, but attention to detail is critical. Gray Line Tour of Hong Kong Limited - Gray Line Tour of Hong Kong Limited - A travel company offering sightseeing, tour packages, and hotel reservation service to Hong Kong, China and Macau. hkdining.com - hkdining.com - Operators of French, British and North African restaurants in SoHo. Hong Kong Dinning - Hong Kong Dinning- Restaurant guide. Hong Kong Hotel Discounts and City Guide - Hong Kong Hotel Discounts and City Guide - Featuring hotel special offers, restaurants, travel information and Hong Kong city maps. Hong Kong Tourist Information - Hong Kong Tourist Information - Travel and visitor information on China especially Beijing, Shanghai, Xian, Kumming, Guilin and Chengdu. Hong Kong Travellers - Hong Kong Travellers- Travel information: motel, local guides, shopping guides, pictures and visa, tour and sightseeing information. Hong Kong Tourist Association hotel guide - Hong Kong Tourist Association hotel guide - General information including specials, hotel index by area, hotel search and hotel information. Hotels in Hong Kong - Hotels in Hong Kong- Directory of Discount Hong Kong Hotels. Information on China Travel - Information on China Travel - General tourist information about the country. JC-Tours - JC-Tours - China-based tour operator offers small group and private tours of standard and unusual destinations throughout China focusing on giving you a real feel of the country. Come with us for a budget tour that is a little different from the rest.
Directory Of All Articles -Articles On Our Website On International Lifestyles - By country & by category - a list of thousands of free articles on a wide range of subjects, including Investing Offshore, Living & Working Overseas - Plus a complete section on International Real Estate.
BOOKS ON LIVING IN CHINA
China (Eyewitness Travel Guides) (Paperback) by DK Publishing
Find More Books On:
Jetway Express Ltd - Jetway Express Ltd - Includes company profile, rates of hotels in Hong Kong and Macau and information on tours. Jumbo and Tai Pak Floating Restaurants - Jumbo and Tai Pak Floating Restaurants - A chinese seafood restaurant inside a floating boat. Lonely Planet - Destination China - Lonely Planet - Destination China - Includes history, attractions, getting there and around, and traveler's reports. Oriental Travel - Oriental Travel- Comprehensive tourist information and photos. Also provides on-line hotel reservations. Passplanet China - Passplanet China - Aimed at backpackers, with sections on the various regions, itineraries, photo gallery and forum. Pizza Hut - Pizza Hut- Locations, delivery information, menu and special offers. Raft the Great Bend of the Yangtze - Raft the Great Bend of the Yangtze - Yangtze Great Bend Itinerary. ShanghaiFinance.com - ShanghaiFinance.com - Chinese tourist attractions sorted by province. Includes information on Chiense food, festivals, colleges and travel tip. Sichuan Adventure Travel - Sichuan Adventure Travel - Tours to the Tibetan areas of China, including mountaineering, trekking, rafting, and cultural trips. Star Guest House - Star Guest House-Includes information on the guest house, rates and travel information from the airport. Travel China Guide - Travel China Guide- Focusing on Chinese culture, history, city guides, travel essentials, maps, hotels, and tour online reservation. Travel Guide - Travel Guide- China travel guide. Travel in China - Travel in China- Brief guide to the main sights of Beijing, Shanghai, Xi'an, Guilin and Kunming. Travelnet Ltd. - Travelnet Ltd. - Travel information, set and personalised tours and accommodation booking. Travelocity's Destination Guide - Travelocity's Destination Guide - Background info, photos, sights, has hotel and restaurant reviews. Tung Lok Hin Restaurant - Tung Lok Hin Restaurant- Serve traditional classic and new creation chinese dishes. USChinaTrip.com - USChinaTrip.com - USChinaTrip.com is an online Chinese travel agency. Offers lowest airfares travel from/to China, instantly quotes discount flight fares with 23 airlines. Online booking airline tickets, travel deals, tours, visa services, hotels and car rental. Warriors Tours - Warriors Tours - Tours to various destinations throughout China. Yangtze Cruises, Inc – scenery, ships, schedules, ports, tours, news, maps and pictures - Yangtze Cruises, Inc – scenery, ships, schedules, ports, tours, news, maps and pictures - Yangtze River cruisers’ encyclopedia, travel professionals’ desk manuel. Scenic spots, cruise ships, ports of call, cruise schedules, tour itineraries, local flavors and specialties, 3000 pictures and photos and maps about yangtze River, the only place you need to find all info about Yangtze River cruise Yangtze International Travel Service - Yangtze International Travel Service - Specializes in Yangtze River cruises and various China tours. Yptourist.com - Yptourist.com - Information about tours, hotels, travel tips.
Directory Of All Articles -Articles On Our Website On International Lifestyles - By country & by category - a list of thousands of free articles on a wide range of subjects, including Investing Offshore, Living & Working Overseas - Plus a complete section on International Real Estate.
BOOKS ON LIVING IN CHINA
China (Eyewitness Travel Guides) (Paperback) by DK Publishing
Find More Books On:
Jetway Express Ltd - Jetway Express Ltd - Includes company profile, rates of hotels in Hong Kong and Macau and information on tours. Jumbo and Tai Pak Floating Restaurants - Jumbo and Tai Pak Floating Restaurants - A chinese seafood restaurant inside a floating boat. Lonely Planet - Destination China - Lonely Planet - Destination China - Includes history, attractions, getting there and around, and traveler's reports. Oriental Travel - Oriental Travel- Comprehensive tourist information and photos. Also provides on-line hotel reservations. Passplanet China - Passplanet China - Aimed at backpackers, with sections on the various regions, itineraries, photo gallery and forum. Pizza Hut - Pizza Hut- Locations, delivery information, menu and special offers. Raft the Great Bend of the Yangtze - Raft the Great Bend of the Yangtze - Yangtze Great Bend Itinerary. ShanghaiFinance.com - ShanghaiFinance.com - Chinese tourist attractions sorted by province. Includes information on Chiense food, festivals, colleges and travel tip. Sichuan Adventure Travel - Sichuan Adventure Travel - Tours to the Tibetan areas of China, including mountaineering, trekking, rafting, and cultural trips. Star Guest House - Star Guest House-Includes information on the guest house, rates and travel information from the airport. Travel China Guide - Travel China Guide- Focusing on Chinese culture, history, city guides, travel essentials, maps, hotels, and tour online reservation. Travel Guide - Travel Guide- China travel guide. Travel in China - Travel in China- Brief guide to the main sights of Beijing, Shanghai, Xi'an, Guilin and Kunming. Travelnet Ltd. - Travelnet Ltd. - Travel information, set and personalised tours and accommodation booking. Travelocity's Destination Guide - Travelocity's Destination Guide - Background info, photos, sights, has hotel and restaurant reviews. Tung Lok Hin Restaurant - Tung Lok Hin Restaurant- Serve traditional classic and new creation chinese dishes. USChinaTrip.com - USChinaTrip.com - USChinaTrip.com is an online Chinese travel agency. Offers lowest airfares travel from/to China, instantly quotes discount flight fares with 23 airlines. Online booking airline tickets, travel deals, tours, visa services, hotels and car rental. Warriors Tours - Warriors Tours - Tours to various destinations throughout China. Yangtze Cruises, Inc – scenery, ships, schedules, ports, tours, news, maps and pictures - Yangtze Cruises, Inc – scenery, ships, schedules, ports, tours, news, maps and pictures - Yangtze River cruisers’ encyclopedia, travel professionals’ desk manuel. Scenic spots, cruise ships, ports of call, cruise schedules, tour itineraries, local flavors and specialties, 3000 pictures and photos and maps about yangtze River, the only place you need to find all info about Yangtze River cruise Yangtze International Travel Service - Yangtze International Travel Service - Specializes in Yangtze River cruises and various China tours. Yptourist.com - Yptourist.com - Information about tours, hotels, travel tips.
Travel Clinic
Travel clinics are for people who will be travelling and may need immunization and advice on how to protect their health while away from home. Travel clinics do not provide telephone consultations. Appointments are required. Call 519-883-2007.
Location:Region of WaterlooPublic Health99 Regina St. South Waterloo, ONN2J 4V3
Clinic Hours:Tuesdays, 8:40 a.m. - 11:00 a.m.Wednesdays, 1:00 p.m. - 3:20 p.m.Fridays, 8:40 a.m. - 11:00 a.m.(By appointment only)
General InformationThe travel clinic provides clients with pre-travel counselling along with immunizations and medications needed to stay healthy while travelling abroad.
Immunization for each traveller is based on an assessment of risk factors such as destination, duration of travel, and style of travel. Health hazards which may be encountered by the traveller are discussed. These include unsafe food and water, malaria, insect and animal bites, sexually transmitted disease, sun exposures, and accidents.
The clinic provides a comprehensive range of vaccines against the following diseases:
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Typhoid Fever
Meningococcal Disease
Rabies
Cholera
Japanese Encephalitis
Yellow Fever
Tetanus, Diphtheria and Polio
Measles, Mumps and Rubella
Influenza
Tick-Borne Encephalitis There is an administrative fee to attend the clinic as well as a fee for most of the vaccines. OHIP does not cover travel consultations but some vaccines may be covered by third party drug plans.
For further information regarding risks by country, immunization, and prevention guidelines for travel click here.
For up to date information regarding travel-related diseases and current recommendations and outbreaks refer to the following websites:http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/tmp-pmv/pub_e.html - Public Health Agency of Canada, outbreak advisories, guidelines for disease prevention while travelling (listed by disease), link to a list of travel clinics across Canada, vaccine information in the Canadian Immunizatin Guide, updated every four yearswww.cdc.gov/travel - Centres for Disease Control - "Yellow Book" Health Information for International Travel - current yellow fever, malaria areas, preventative malaria medications, other travel risks or call to schedule an appointment:
Region of Waterloo Public HealthInternational Travel Clinic99 Regina Street South, Waterloo, ON
519-883-2007
Location:Region of WaterlooPublic Health99 Regina St. South Waterloo, ONN2J 4V3
Clinic Hours:Tuesdays, 8:40 a.m. - 11:00 a.m.Wednesdays, 1:00 p.m. - 3:20 p.m.Fridays, 8:40 a.m. - 11:00 a.m.(By appointment only)
General InformationThe travel clinic provides clients with pre-travel counselling along with immunizations and medications needed to stay healthy while travelling abroad.
Immunization for each traveller is based on an assessment of risk factors such as destination, duration of travel, and style of travel. Health hazards which may be encountered by the traveller are discussed. These include unsafe food and water, malaria, insect and animal bites, sexually transmitted disease, sun exposures, and accidents.
The clinic provides a comprehensive range of vaccines against the following diseases:
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Typhoid Fever
Meningococcal Disease
Rabies
Cholera
Japanese Encephalitis
Yellow Fever
Tetanus, Diphtheria and Polio
Measles, Mumps and Rubella
Influenza
Tick-Borne Encephalitis There is an administrative fee to attend the clinic as well as a fee for most of the vaccines. OHIP does not cover travel consultations but some vaccines may be covered by third party drug plans.
For further information regarding risks by country, immunization, and prevention guidelines for travel click here.
For up to date information regarding travel-related diseases and current recommendations and outbreaks refer to the following websites:http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/tmp-pmv/pub_e.html - Public Health Agency of Canada, outbreak advisories, guidelines for disease prevention while travelling (listed by disease), link to a list of travel clinics across Canada, vaccine information in the Canadian Immunizatin Guide, updated every four yearswww.cdc.gov/travel - Centres for Disease Control - "Yellow Book" Health Information for International Travel - current yellow fever, malaria areas, preventative malaria medications, other travel risks or call to schedule an appointment:
Region of Waterloo Public HealthInternational Travel Clinic99 Regina Street South, Waterloo, ON
519-883-2007
Reducing Travel-Related Communicable Disease Transmission
ICN Position:
Nurses, by virtue of their numbers, competencies and work settings, are uniquely positioned to assist governments and other agencies to plan, implement and evaluate programmes aimed at minimising travel-related communicable disease transmission.
The International Council of Nurses (ICN) supports the efforts of nurses and national nurses’ associations (NNAs) to:
§ Secure nursing representation on national bodies concerned with travel-related communicable diseases and with national disease outbreak alert and response.
§ Become involved in planning strategies for effective surveillance, early detection, and treatment of communicable diseases, particularly those that present international public health risk.
§ Alert nurses and the general public to the increased risk of communicable disease transmission due to international travel as well as to preventive measures, including immunisations.
§ Promote national awareness of legislation and quarantine regulations related to international health regulations and travel.
§ Promote the inclusion of relevant information in basic, post-basic and continuing education programmes.
§ Lobby to ensure that measures to control and prevent disease transmission shall be based on respect for the dignity and human rights of people.
Background:
Travel, particularly international travel, continues to increase at a rapid rate in terms of the numbers of travellers, the variety of age groups, socio-economic back-grounds and countries of origin. The risk of communicable disease transmission associated with population movement has significant implications for health care, as well as for socio-economic and political development.
Nurses are well placed to provide advice on risk reduction policy and programmes.
Adopted in 1999
Revised in 2006
Previously: Nurses’ responsibilities regarding the risk of disease transmission due to increased international travel
Related ICN Positions:
· Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
The International Council of Nurses is a federation of more than 124 national nurses' associations representing the millions of nurses worldwide. Operated by nurses for nurses, ICN is the international voice of nursing and works to ensure quality care for all and sound health policies globally.
version française versión española
Nurses, by virtue of their numbers, competencies and work settings, are uniquely positioned to assist governments and other agencies to plan, implement and evaluate programmes aimed at minimising travel-related communicable disease transmission.
The International Council of Nurses (ICN) supports the efforts of nurses and national nurses’ associations (NNAs) to:
§ Secure nursing representation on national bodies concerned with travel-related communicable diseases and with national disease outbreak alert and response.
§ Become involved in planning strategies for effective surveillance, early detection, and treatment of communicable diseases, particularly those that present international public health risk.
§ Alert nurses and the general public to the increased risk of communicable disease transmission due to international travel as well as to preventive measures, including immunisations.
§ Promote national awareness of legislation and quarantine regulations related to international health regulations and travel.
§ Promote the inclusion of relevant information in basic, post-basic and continuing education programmes.
§ Lobby to ensure that measures to control and prevent disease transmission shall be based on respect for the dignity and human rights of people.
Background:
Travel, particularly international travel, continues to increase at a rapid rate in terms of the numbers of travellers, the variety of age groups, socio-economic back-grounds and countries of origin. The risk of communicable disease transmission associated with population movement has significant implications for health care, as well as for socio-economic and political development.
Nurses are well placed to provide advice on risk reduction policy and programmes.
Adopted in 1999
Revised in 2006
Previously: Nurses’ responsibilities regarding the risk of disease transmission due to increased international travel
Related ICN Positions:
· Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
The International Council of Nurses is a federation of more than 124 national nurses' associations representing the millions of nurses worldwide. Operated by nurses for nurses, ICN is the international voice of nursing and works to ensure quality care for all and sound health policies globally.
version française versión española
WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center
ADMINISTRATIVE PANEL DECISION
Expedia, Inc. v Dotsan
Case No. D2001-1220
1. The Parties
The Complainant in this administrative proceeding is Expedia, Inc., a Washington corporation, with its principal place of business at Eastgate Way, Ste. 400, Bellevue, WA in the United States of America, represented by Seann W. Hallisky of the Law Offices of Christensen O’Connor Johnson Kindness PLLC. The Respondent is "Dotsan", of 35-37 Sunder Mahal, Mumbai, India.
2. The Domain Name and Registrar
The domain name in issue is ("the Domain Name"), the Registrar of which is BulkRegister.com of 7 East redwood Street, Baltimore, MD2 in the United States of America ("Bulkregister.com").
3. Procedural History
The WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center ("the Center") received, on October 8, 2001, an electronic version of the Complaint and on October 11, the Center received a hard copy of the Complaint accompanied by all annexures. The Center verified that the Complaint satisfies the formal requirements of the ICANN Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy ("the UDRP"), and the Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy ("the Rules"). The Complainant made the required payment to the Center.
On October 15, 2001, the Center transmitted to Bulkregister.com by e-mail a request for registrar verification in connection with this case. On October 19, 2001, Bulkregister.com transmitted via e-mail to the Center its Verification Response, confirming that the registrant is "Dotsan", the Respondent herein, and stating that the Administrative Contact is R.S. Potdar, of the same address as the Respondent, the Technical Contact is the same R.S. Potdar and that the UDRP applies to the Domain Name.
On October 22, 2001, the Center formally notified the Respondent by email to the Respondent’s registered email address that this administrative proceeding had been commenced, and provided a copy of the Complaint with full information concerning the lodgment of the Complaint and information regarding the provision of a Response, making clear that the final date for lodging that Response was November 11, 2001. October 22, 2001, is the formal date of the commencement of this administrative proceeding.
There is nothing to suggest that the e-mail delivery failed.
The Center also attempted to send notification of the Complaint to the Respondent and to the Administrative and Technical Contacts by courier (with all accompanying exhibits). The courier was unable to deliver the Complaint because the address given in the registration details was incorrect.
No Response has been filed by the Respondent. Notification of Default was sent by e-mail to the parties on November 13, 2001.
On December 10, 2001, this Panelist was appointed by the Center. The Panelist has filed a Statement of Acceptance and Declaration of Impartiality.
4. Factual Background
(a) The Complainant is the registered proprietor, inter alia, of United States Trademarks Nos.:
2,168,097, in international class 9, in respect of computer software for providing maps, travel route information and recommendations, and travel information guides (registered since June 23, 1998);
2,383,732, in international class 16, in respect of various stationery items in the field of computers, computer networks and global communication networks, computer programs and related topics (registered since September 5, 2000);
2,402,434, in international class 25, in respect of various clothing items (registered since November 7, 2000);
2,220,719, in international class 39, in respect of travel agency services, providing information concerning travel and travel-related topics and other such services, including by means of computer networks and global communication networks (registered since January 26, 1999);
2,240,373, in international class 42, in respect of bulletin board services and chat room services over computer networks and global communication networks, for use by travelers (registered since April 20, 1999);
2,224,559, in international class 42, in respect of travel agency services (registered since February 16, 1999),
in respect of the word "EXPEDIA"; and
2,405,746, in international class 39, in respect of travel agency services, providing information concerning travel and travel-related topics and other such services, including by means of computer networks and global communication networks (registered since November 21, 2000) in respect of "EXPEDIA.COM". ("EXPEDIA" and "EXPDEIA.COM" are herein referred to as "the Trademark").
(b) Several of these registrations, namely 2,168,097 (class 9), 2,402,434 (class 25)2,220,719 (class 39) and 2,240,373 (class 42), are in fact recorded in the name of Microsoft Corporation, but the Complainant alleges that these have been assigned, whilst not providing a copy of this assignment. However, here the Panel notes the website of the United States Patent and Trademark Office indicates that an assignment has been lodged, and the fact that the remaining marks are registered in the name of the Complainant distinguishes this case from that in Autobytel.com Inc v Sand WebNames Decision No. D2001-0076. In the absence of challenge from the Respondent, the Panel accepts that the Complainant has rights in the Trademark.
(c) The Complainant asserts, but provides no information in support of the assertion, that the Trademark is also the subject of numerous pending applications worldwide. This assertion is not contradicted by the Respondent, and is accepted by the Panel.
(d) The Complainant operates a website at which offers travel-industry related information and access to travel agency services.
(e) The Domain Name was registered on July 8, 2001.
(f) The Domain Name is not in use in its own right, but presently points directly to, a website operated by a competitor of the Complainant, priceline.com, Inc., which also offers travel-industry related information and access to travel agency services.
(g) There is no connection whatsoever between priceline.com, Inc. and the Respondent.
(h) Prior to issuing the Complaint, the Complainant attempted to identify and contacted the Respondent, using the details then current on BulkRegister’s registry, by letter dated August 20, 2001, to this address. This letter was returned as undeliverable.
5. Parties’ Contentions
A. Complainant
(a) In accordance with paragraph 4(a) of the UDRP, the Complainant asserts, inter alia, as follows:-
(i) that the Domain Name is confusingly similar to the Trademark;
(ii) that the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the Domain Name;
(iii) that the Domain has been registered and is being used in bad faith.
(b) In respect of (i), the Complainant asserts that a consumer seeking travel-related services may reasonably believe that entering the Domain Name will direct the consumer to the website of the Complainant, there to find his or her inquiry satisfied by the competing services of, Inc. The Complainant also points out that "expedia" is an invented word, and one which clearly has been in use by the Complainant from before the time of registration of the Domain Name.
(c) In support of (ii), the Complainant contends that:
(i) the Domain Name is not being use for any purpose other than to direct inquiries to the Complainant’s competitor, and the Complainant asserts the Domain Name has never been used for any other purpose;
(ii) there is nothing in the name or other details of the Respondent to indicate that it is known by or uses "EXPEDEIA" as a trademark or otherwise for any purpose;
(iii) the confusion asserted to occur as a result of the use of the Domain Name by the Respondent tarnishes or devalues the Trademark
and also notes that the Respondent is not licensed or authorized by the Complainant to use the Domain Name.
(d) In support of (iii), the Complainant asserts that bad faith is evidenced by:
(i) registration of the Domain Name in order to prevent the owner of the Trademark from reflecting the Trademark in a corresponding domain name, and that the Respondent has engaged in a pattern of such conduct (paragraph 4(b)(ii) of the UDRP); and
(ii) use of the Domain Name with the intention of attempting to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to the Respondent’s website or other on-line location, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the Trademark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation or endorsement of the Respondent’s website or location or of a product on the Respondent’s website or location (paragraph 4(b)(iv) of the UDRP).
B. Respondent
As noted above, no Response has been filed.
6. Discussion
Onus of proof
(a) The onus is on the Complainant to prove each of the three elements set out in paragraph 4(a) of the UDRP.
(b) However, the Respondent has had ample opportunity to respond to the allegations of the Complainant and has not done so. The Respondent cannot be in a better position by failing to respond than if it had chosen to take advantage of the opportunities afforded to it, expressly, by paragraph 4(c) of the UDRP.
(c) Paragraph 15(a) of the Rules instructs the Panel to decide a complaint on the basis of the statements and documents submitted in accordance with the UDRP, the Rules and any rules and principles of law that it deems applicable. In the absence of any response from the Respondent, the onus upon the Complainant will be satisfied if a conclusion which is capable of being drawn from the evidence provided by the Complainant is not contradicted by the Respondent; see WIPO Decision No. D2000-0007 Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. v Raymond; WIPO Decision No. D2000-0011 Ronson Plc v Unimetal Sanayi ve Tic A.S. among numerous other decisions.
"Confusingly similar"
(d) As to element (i) of paragraph 4(a) of the UDRP, the Panel notes that the determination of confusing similarity is a factual one which must be satisfied by the Panelist making a side-by-side comparison of the Trademark and the Domain Name, taking into account the degree of aural, visual, or similarity between the two, and the inherent or acquired distinctiveness of the Trademark, as well as issues relevant to language; see WIPO Decision No. D2001-0079 Tchibo Frisch-Röst-Kaffee GmbH v Hans Reischl.
(e) This is not a decision made pursuant to the law in relation registered (or unregistered) trademarks of any one country, although the common experience of many courts in many countries in similar situations will of course be a guide; see WIPO Decision No. D2000-1428 Club Méditerranée S.A. v Clubmedical; WIPO Decision No. D2000-1623 News Group Newspapers Ltd and News Network Ltd v Momm Amed Ia. In particular, it is noted that cases such as these may be guided by a recognition of the human frailty of imperfect recollection, particularly in relation to invented words.
(f) The UDRP does not call for proof of actual confusion, let alone deception, although evidence of either or both will of course be very persuasive. There is no such evidence here. Additionally, it is not necessary under element (i) of paragraph 4(a) of the UDRP to determine here whether the reason for this similarity having come about is "typo-squatting" or some other cause, nor whether the similarity is deliberate or not.
(g) Placed side-by-side, the similarity of the Trademark and the Domain Name is self-evident. Whether this is confusing similarity will not be determined by reference to the history of adoption or use of the Complainant and the Respondent, other than to note here the fact that the Complainant’s use clearly predates the adoption of the Domain Name by the Respondent. The common experience of mis-typing any entry using a keyboard, especially when trying to type from memory a word which is invented, leads the Panel inexorably to the conclusion that it would be an easy and very likely mistake for users of browser software to type in an incorrect address if seeking, although it is noted that, if search engines are used, confusion of the same kind is extremely unlikely.
Respondent has no legitimate interests in Domain Name
(h) It is clear from the evidence that the Trademark consists of an invented word "EXPEDIA", the commencement of use of which by the Complainant predates the registration of the Domain Name.
(i) In the absence of any explanation from the Respondent, it is impossible to know how the Respondent happened upon so similar a word, or how it could have any legitimate interest in it.
(j) Telling against the Respondent is the fact that the Domain Name points to a direct competitor of the Complainant, which surely cannot be ascribed to coincidence, but rather indicates that the Respondent knew of the Complainant and chose the Domain Name with that knowledge.
(k) In the circumstances, whilst in this case there is no evidence of any use of the Domain Name "for commercial gain to misleadingly divert consumers or to tarnish the trademark or service mark" of the Complainant (in the words of paragraph 4(c)(iii) of the UDRP), on the evidence presented the use being made of the Domain Name by the Respondent could hardly be called "legitimate noncommercial or fair use" of the Domain Name.
Registration and use in bad faith
(l) There is little here upon the basis of which the Panel may conclude that the Respondent has registered the Domain Name in order to prevent the Complainant from reflecting the Trademark in a corresponding domain name, but it is not necessary to make any finding in this regard because there is simply no evidence whatsoever provided by the Complainant that there is a "pattern of such conduct", which is the proviso for a finding under this paragraph 4(b)(ii) of the UDRP.
(m) Similarly, there is absolutely no evidence that the Respondent has "intentionally attempted to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users" to any website in the words of paragraph 4(b)(iv) of the UDRP. The evidence establishes the Respondent has no website of its own addressed by the Domain Name, and that there is no relationship between, Inc whereby the Respondent might be compensated by drawing Internet users to that competitor’s site. I also note the strong suggestion in paragraph 4(b)(iv) that it requires drawing of Internet users to a location controlled by the challenged registrant.
(n) The list of circumstances in paragraph 4(b) of the UDRP is non-exclusive. In this matter, the Panel is satisfied, principally from the facts that:
(i) the Domain Name is pointed to a direct competitor of the Complainant, with the competitor’s site so similar that the linking could not be a coincidence;
(ii) the Respondent registered the Domain Name well after the Complainant commenced use;
(iii) the Respondent has recorded or maintained a false address in the registered details recorded by BulkRegister
that the Respondent intended to draw the attention to itself in the most vexing manner possible, with a view to being offered compensation to give up the Domain Name. Such conduct qualifies as "bad faith" within the meaning of paragraph 4(b)(i), but even if the Panel is wrong in such a finding, the conduct of the Respondent would in any event be within the general and accepted meaning of "bad faith"; see WIPO Decision No. D2000-0003 Telstra Corporation Ltd v Nuclear Marshmallows; WIPO Decision No. D2000-1428 Club Méditerranée S.A. v Clubmedical; WIPO Decision No. D2000-1342 Time Inc v Chip Cooper.
The Panel therefore concludes that the Respondent registered and has been using the Domain Name in bad faith.
7. Decision
In the light of the findings in paragraph 6 above, the Panel concludes that:-
- the domain name expedeia.com is confusingly similar to the trademark "EXPEDIA" and its variant "EXPEDIA.COM" of the Complainant;
- the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in the domain name; and
- the domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith.
Accordingly, the Panel determines in accordance with paragraph 15 of the Rules that the Domain Name expedeia.com be transferred to the Complainant, Expedia, Inc., in accordance with paragraph 4(i) of the UDRP.
Expedia, Inc. v Dotsan
Case No. D2001-1220
1. The Parties
The Complainant in this administrative proceeding is Expedia, Inc., a Washington corporation, with its principal place of business at Eastgate Way, Ste. 400, Bellevue, WA in the United States of America, represented by Seann W. Hallisky of the Law Offices of Christensen O’Connor Johnson Kindness PLLC. The Respondent is "Dotsan", of 35-37 Sunder Mahal, Mumbai, India.
2. The Domain Name and Registrar
The domain name in issue is
3. Procedural History
The WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center ("the Center") received, on October 8, 2001, an electronic version of the Complaint and on October 11, the Center received a hard copy of the Complaint accompanied by all annexures. The Center verified that the Complaint satisfies the formal requirements of the ICANN Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy ("the UDRP"), and the Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy ("the Rules"). The Complainant made the required payment to the Center.
On October 15, 2001, the Center transmitted to Bulkregister.com by e-mail a request for registrar verification in connection with this case. On October 19, 2001, Bulkregister.com transmitted via e-mail to the Center its Verification Response, confirming that the registrant is "Dotsan", the Respondent herein, and stating that the Administrative Contact is R.S. Potdar, of the same address as the Respondent, the Technical Contact is the same R.S. Potdar and that the UDRP applies to the Domain Name.
On October 22, 2001, the Center formally notified the Respondent by email to the Respondent’s registered email address that this administrative proceeding had been commenced, and provided a copy of the Complaint with full information concerning the lodgment of the Complaint and information regarding the provision of a Response, making clear that the final date for lodging that Response was November 11, 2001. October 22, 2001, is the formal date of the commencement of this administrative proceeding.
There is nothing to suggest that the e-mail delivery failed.
The Center also attempted to send notification of the Complaint to the Respondent and to the Administrative and Technical Contacts by courier (with all accompanying exhibits). The courier was unable to deliver the Complaint because the address given in the registration details was incorrect.
No Response has been filed by the Respondent. Notification of Default was sent by e-mail to the parties on November 13, 2001.
On December 10, 2001, this Panelist was appointed by the Center. The Panelist has filed a Statement of Acceptance and Declaration of Impartiality.
4. Factual Background
(a) The Complainant is the registered proprietor, inter alia, of United States Trademarks Nos.:
2,168,097, in international class 9, in respect of computer software for providing maps, travel route information and recommendations, and travel information guides (registered since June 23, 1998);
2,383,732, in international class 16, in respect of various stationery items in the field of computers, computer networks and global communication networks, computer programs and related topics (registered since September 5, 2000);
2,402,434, in international class 25, in respect of various clothing items (registered since November 7, 2000);
2,220,719, in international class 39, in respect of travel agency services, providing information concerning travel and travel-related topics and other such services, including by means of computer networks and global communication networks (registered since January 26, 1999);
2,240,373, in international class 42, in respect of bulletin board services and chat room services over computer networks and global communication networks, for use by travelers (registered since April 20, 1999);
2,224,559, in international class 42, in respect of travel agency services (registered since February 16, 1999),
in respect of the word "EXPEDIA"; and
2,405,746, in international class 39, in respect of travel agency services, providing information concerning travel and travel-related topics and other such services, including by means of computer networks and global communication networks (registered since November 21, 2000) in respect of "EXPEDIA.COM". ("EXPEDIA" and "EXPDEIA.COM" are herein referred to as "the Trademark").
(b) Several of these registrations, namely 2,168,097 (class 9), 2,402,434 (class 25)2,220,719 (class 39) and 2,240,373 (class 42), are in fact recorded in the name of Microsoft Corporation, but the Complainant alleges that these have been assigned, whilst not providing a copy of this assignment. However, here the Panel notes the website of the United States Patent and Trademark Office indicates that an assignment has been lodged, and the fact that the remaining marks are registered in the name of the Complainant distinguishes this case from that in Autobytel.com Inc v Sand WebNames Decision No. D2001-0076. In the absence of challenge from the Respondent, the Panel accepts that the Complainant has rights in the Trademark.
(c) The Complainant asserts, but provides no information in support of the assertion, that the Trademark is also the subject of numerous pending applications worldwide. This assertion is not contradicted by the Respondent, and is accepted by the Panel.
(d) The Complainant operates a website at
(e) The Domain Name was registered on July 8, 2001.
(f) The Domain Name is not in use in its own right, but presently points directly to
(g) There is no connection whatsoever between priceline.com, Inc. and the Respondent.
(h) Prior to issuing the Complaint, the Complainant attempted to identify and contacted the Respondent, using the details then current on BulkRegister’s registry, by letter dated August 20, 2001, to this address. This letter was returned as undeliverable.
5. Parties’ Contentions
A. Complainant
(a) In accordance with paragraph 4(a) of the UDRP, the Complainant asserts, inter alia, as follows:-
(i) that the Domain Name is confusingly similar to the Trademark;
(ii) that the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the Domain Name;
(iii) that the Domain has been registered and is being used in bad faith.
(b) In respect of (i), the Complainant asserts that a consumer seeking travel-related services may reasonably believe that entering the Domain Name will direct the consumer to the website of the Complainant, there to find his or her inquiry satisfied by the competing services of
(c) In support of (ii), the Complainant contends that:
(i) the Domain Name is not being use for any purpose other than to direct inquiries to the Complainant’s competitor, and the Complainant asserts the Domain Name has never been used for any other purpose;
(ii) there is nothing in the name or other details of the Respondent to indicate that it is known by or uses "EXPEDEIA" as a trademark or otherwise for any purpose;
(iii) the confusion asserted to occur as a result of the use of the Domain Name by the Respondent tarnishes or devalues the Trademark
and also notes that the Respondent is not licensed or authorized by the Complainant to use the Domain Name.
(d) In support of (iii), the Complainant asserts that bad faith is evidenced by:
(i) registration of the Domain Name in order to prevent the owner of the Trademark from reflecting the Trademark in a corresponding domain name, and that the Respondent has engaged in a pattern of such conduct (paragraph 4(b)(ii) of the UDRP); and
(ii) use of the Domain Name with the intention of attempting to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to the Respondent’s website or other on-line location, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the Trademark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation or endorsement of the Respondent’s website or location or of a product on the Respondent’s website or location (paragraph 4(b)(iv) of the UDRP).
B. Respondent
As noted above, no Response has been filed.
6. Discussion
Onus of proof
(a) The onus is on the Complainant to prove each of the three elements set out in paragraph 4(a) of the UDRP.
(b) However, the Respondent has had ample opportunity to respond to the allegations of the Complainant and has not done so. The Respondent cannot be in a better position by failing to respond than if it had chosen to take advantage of the opportunities afforded to it, expressly, by paragraph 4(c) of the UDRP.
(c) Paragraph 15(a) of the Rules instructs the Panel to decide a complaint on the basis of the statements and documents submitted in accordance with the UDRP, the Rules and any rules and principles of law that it deems applicable. In the absence of any response from the Respondent, the onus upon the Complainant will be satisfied if a conclusion which is capable of being drawn from the evidence provided by the Complainant is not contradicted by the Respondent; see WIPO Decision No. D2000-0007 Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. v Raymond; WIPO Decision No. D2000-0011 Ronson Plc v Unimetal Sanayi ve Tic A.S. among numerous other decisions.
"Confusingly similar"
(d) As to element (i) of paragraph 4(a) of the UDRP, the Panel notes that the determination of confusing similarity is a factual one which must be satisfied by the Panelist making a side-by-side comparison of the Trademark and the Domain Name, taking into account the degree of aural, visual, or similarity between the two, and the inherent or acquired distinctiveness of the Trademark, as well as issues relevant to language; see WIPO Decision No. D2001-0079 Tchibo Frisch-Röst-Kaffee GmbH v Hans Reischl.
(e) This is not a decision made pursuant to the law in relation registered (or unregistered) trademarks of any one country, although the common experience of many courts in many countries in similar situations will of course be a guide; see WIPO Decision No. D2000-1428 Club Méditerranée S.A. v Clubmedical; WIPO Decision No. D2000-1623 News Group Newspapers Ltd and News Network Ltd v Momm Amed Ia. In particular, it is noted that cases such as these may be guided by a recognition of the human frailty of imperfect recollection, particularly in relation to invented words.
(f) The UDRP does not call for proof of actual confusion, let alone deception, although evidence of either or both will of course be very persuasive. There is no such evidence here. Additionally, it is not necessary under element (i) of paragraph 4(a) of the UDRP to determine here whether the reason for this similarity having come about is "typo-squatting" or some other cause, nor whether the similarity is deliberate or not.
(g) Placed side-by-side, the similarity of the Trademark and the Domain Name is self-evident. Whether this is confusing similarity will not be determined by reference to the history of adoption or use of the Complainant and the Respondent, other than to note here the fact that the Complainant’s use clearly predates the adoption of the Domain Name by the Respondent. The common experience of mis-typing any entry using a keyboard, especially when trying to type from memory a word which is invented, leads the Panel inexorably to the conclusion that it would be an easy and very likely mistake for users of browser software to type in an incorrect address if seeking
Respondent has no legitimate interests in Domain Name
(h) It is clear from the evidence that the Trademark consists of an invented word "EXPEDIA", the commencement of use of which by the Complainant predates the registration of the Domain Name.
(i) In the absence of any explanation from the Respondent, it is impossible to know how the Respondent happened upon so similar a word, or how it could have any legitimate interest in it.
(j) Telling against the Respondent is the fact that the Domain Name points to a direct competitor of the Complainant, which surely cannot be ascribed to coincidence, but rather indicates that the Respondent knew of the Complainant and chose the Domain Name with that knowledge.
(k) In the circumstances, whilst in this case there is no evidence of any use of the Domain Name "for commercial gain to misleadingly divert consumers or to tarnish the trademark or service mark" of the Complainant (in the words of paragraph 4(c)(iii) of the UDRP), on the evidence presented the use being made of the Domain Name by the Respondent could hardly be called "legitimate noncommercial or fair use" of the Domain Name.
Registration and use in bad faith
(l) There is little here upon the basis of which the Panel may conclude that the Respondent has registered the Domain Name in order to prevent the Complainant from reflecting the Trademark in a corresponding domain name, but it is not necessary to make any finding in this regard because there is simply no evidence whatsoever provided by the Complainant that there is a "pattern of such conduct", which is the proviso for a finding under this paragraph 4(b)(ii) of the UDRP.
(m) Similarly, there is absolutely no evidence that the Respondent has "intentionally attempted to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users" to any website in the words of paragraph 4(b)(iv) of the UDRP. The evidence establishes the Respondent has no website of its own addressed by the Domain Name, and that there is no relationship between
(n) The list of circumstances in paragraph 4(b) of the UDRP is non-exclusive. In this matter, the Panel is satisfied, principally from the facts that:
(i) the Domain Name is pointed to a direct competitor of the Complainant, with the competitor’s site so similar that the linking could not be a coincidence;
(ii) the Respondent registered the Domain Name well after the Complainant commenced use;
(iii) the Respondent has recorded or maintained a false address in the registered details recorded by BulkRegister
that the Respondent intended to draw the attention to itself in the most vexing manner possible, with a view to being offered compensation to give up the Domain Name. Such conduct qualifies as "bad faith" within the meaning of paragraph 4(b)(i), but even if the Panel is wrong in such a finding, the conduct of the Respondent would in any event be within the general and accepted meaning of "bad faith"; see WIPO Decision No. D2000-0003 Telstra Corporation Ltd v Nuclear Marshmallows; WIPO Decision No. D2000-1428 Club Méditerranée S.A. v Clubmedical; WIPO Decision No. D2000-1342 Time Inc v Chip Cooper.
The Panel therefore concludes that the Respondent registered and has been using the Domain Name in bad faith.
7. Decision
In the light of the findings in paragraph 6 above, the Panel concludes that:-
- the domain name expedeia.com is confusingly similar to the trademark "EXPEDIA" and its variant "EXPEDIA.COM" of the Complainant;
- the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in the domain name; and
- the domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith.
Accordingly, the Panel determines in accordance with paragraph 15 of the Rules that the Domain Name expedeia.com be transferred to the Complainant, Expedia, Inc., in accordance with paragraph 4(i) of the UDRP.
Student and Educational Travel
Student travel and educational tours and travel. Education is a basic necessity in many areas of civilization. To understand the purposes and goals of many issues in life, a person must have experienced an educating enlightenment of many of the underlying facts. This covers reasoning, rhetoric, and simple mathematical operations. In today's society, the simplest task, that of maintaining oneself, with regard to housing, food, and clothing, all demands a certain level of education. Math and reading are fundamental to these tasks. Further educational experience is needed to develop a sense of understanding for more complex issues, as in sciences, the arts, and business-vocational focuses. The links included herein relate to educational travel and travel for students.
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Let’s students see the world and give them the opportunity to change it.Council on International Educational ExchangeCheck Council on International Educational Exchange for information on lodging, passes, airfares, and specialized programs available.Cultural Heritage Alliance Educational ToursCheck Cultural Heritage for materials on educational tours for college and high school students, as well as specialty groups.EdTrip.com: Under the Palms TravelBrowse EdTrip.com for information on educational tours for U.S. college and religious groups, as well as other organizations interested.Educational ToursCheck Educational Tours for descriptions of trips available to school groups and other information for teachers.Educational Tours: Hemisphere Educational TravelCheck Educational Tours for information on student tours to Latin America, Spain, Washington, D.C., New York City, and more.Educational Travel Tours, IncorporatedCheck Educational Tours for photos, locations, and overviews of Renaissance adventures, with contact information.Elderhostel.orgCheck Elderhostel.org's educational tours and residential programs in locations worldwide, specialized for adults over age 55, with information and catalog.Expeditions.org: Expeditions in LearningCheck Expeditions.org for information on this tour company offering high-school credit educational travel trips.Experiment.org: Experiment in International LivingCheck Experiment.org's information on available educational and peace-exchange programs, with summer programs for high school students and college semesters overseas.Interlocken.org: International Student TravelCheck Interlocken.org for a variety of programs for students, including summer camps, service projects, and more.International Student ToursCheck International Student Tours for an introduction to trip options available for students, including destinations and information.International Student Travel FederationBrowse International Student Travel Federation's site geared to information on student trip planning, with programs, and membership.International Zoological Expeditions, BelizeCheck Belize for group and student trips to Belize, with lodgings options, marine or rainforest specializations, and more.Junior Tours, IncorporatedCheck Junior Tours for class trip options, including food, transportation details, and lots of ideas.Let's Go Travel GuidesCheck Let's Go Travel Guides for the best of advice from student travelers to student travelers, with an online newsletter.New Dimensions in Tours, CanadaCheck Canada's New Dimensions in Tours for education, school group, and day trips, with summaries, details, and package descriptions.Passports.comCheck Passports.com' information and descriptions of trips to Europe, Africa, the Caribbean, Asia, and Australia for high-school and college groups.Senior Summer SchoolCheck Senior Summer School for information and links to summer education programs available for senior citizens at U.S. universities.Shaw Guides: Student Travel GuidesCheck Shaw Guides for options in student travel trips either overseas or nationally, including contact details.Sindbad Travel, RussiaCheck Russia's Sindbad Travel for a budget agency offering discounts to students on airline tickets, train tickets, and related information.Society for Educational Visits and Exchanges in CanadaCheck Canada's Society for Educational Visits and Exchanges in Canada, with information on the programs, details, and more.Student Adventure TravelBrowse Student Adventure Travel for beach trips and jungle adventures for college students, for information and contact details.Student Express Spring Break TripsCheck Student Express Spring Break Trips for options to Jamaica, Mazatlan, Padre Island, Cancun and others, including details.Student Holiday CompanyCheck Student Holiday Company for amazingly cheap student holidays, and other trip information.Student ToursCheck Student Tours for high-school class graduation trips to Mexico, with options and travel-related details.Student TravelCheck Student Travel for the latest airfares, rail pass prices, student identification cards, travel insurance, and more.Student Travel AbroadCheck Student Travel Abroad for Europe, Americas, Asia, and Pacific Rim tours, specialized for school tours, orchestras, and bands.Student Travel ServicesCheck Student Travel Services for packages for your spring-break destination, with special deal offerings, ski packages, and more.Transamerica Virtual Excursion Learning ProjectCheck Transamerica Virtual Excursion Learning Projects for history, culture, land and people-related tours of America's Southwest.Travel Adventures, IncorporatedCheck Travel Adventures, Inc. for band, class or club trip planning information, including destinations, prices, and lodging.Travel TeensCheck Travel Teens for information on educational day and overnight field trips for school groups located in California.TraveLearn.comCheck TraveLearn.com for information on this tour company's trips to Asia, Europe, and other destinations, with details, and more.World Class VacationsCheck World Class Vacations for package trips to U.S. beaches, Mexico, Jamaica, and other destinations, with online reservations.
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